系统性能的优劣取决于我们sql的查询速度,MySQL Explain命令是分析SQL性能及优化不可缺少的一部分。
Explain被我们称为解释器,通过 explain 我们可以知道以下信息:表的读取顺序,数据读取操作的类型,可能会使用哪些索引,实际真正使用了哪些索引,表之间的引用,每张表有多少行被优化器查询等信息。
Explain基本语法
explain [extended|partition]select
在select前加explain关键字,MySQL会返回该查询的执行计划而不是执行这条SQL
mysql> explain select * from student where id=1;
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | student | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | NULL |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
1 row in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
根据语法我们知道explain还有两种其他的用法:
- explain extended :能够在原本explain的基础上额外的提供一些查询优化的信息,这些信息可以通过mysql的show warnings命令得到,从而看出优化器优化了什么。
mysql> explain extended select * from student where id =1;
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | student | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100 | NULL |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
1 row in set
mysql> show warnings;
+-------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message |
+-------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Note | 1003 | /* select#1 */ select '1' AS `id`,'stu_1' AS `name`,'2019-12-17 14:29:17' AS `create_time` from `demo`.`student` where 1 |
+-------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- explain partitions:相比 explain 多了个 partitions 字段,如果查询是基于分区表的话,会显示查询将访问的分区。
Explain列的含义
字段 | 说明 |
---|---|
id | id列的编号是 select 的序列号,有几个 select 就有几个id,id不同,id值越大,优先级越高,越先执行 |
select_type | 显示本行是简单或复杂select。如果查询有任何复杂的子查询,则最外层标记为PRIMARY(DERIVED、UNION、UNION RESUlT) |
table | 访问查询的表名或表别名 |
type | 表的访问类型( MySQL 如何查询表中的行记录)效率高低:const / eq_ref / ref / range / index / all |
possible_keys | 指出MySQL能使用哪个索引在该表中找到行 |
key | MySQL实际决定使用的键(索引)。如果没有选择索引,键是NULL |
key_len | 实际使用的索引长度(单位:字节)该字段显示为索引字段的最大可能长度,并非实际使用长度。 |
ref | 用于索引查找的值的来源,如果值未常量,则 ref 为 const |
rows | 预计查询需要扫描的行数(在表或索引树中) |
filtered | 查询条件所过滤的行记录数占比 |
Extra | 额外的信息: 1. Using filesort:说明mysql会对数据适用一个外部的索引排序。而不是按照表内的索引顺序进行读取。MySQL中无法利用索引完成排序操作称为“文件排序” 2. Using temporary:使用了临时表保存中间结果,mysql在查询结果排序时使用临时表。常见于排序order by和分组查询group by。 3、Using index:表示相应的select操作用使用覆盖索引,避免访问了表的数据行。如果同时出现using where,表名索引被用来执行索引键值的查找;如果没有同时出现using where,表名索引用来读取数据而非执行查询动作。 4、Using where :表明使用where过滤 5、using join buffer:使用了连接缓存 6、impossible where:where子句的值总是false,不能用来获取任何元组 7、select tables optimized away:在没有group by子句的情况下,基于索引优化Min、max操作或者对于MyISAM存储引擎优化count(*),不必等到执行阶段再进行计算,查询执行计划生成的阶段即完成优化。 8、distinct:优化distinct操作,在找到第一匹配的元组后即停止找同样值的动作 |
详细介绍列的含义
1. id列
id 的值为数值,其表示的是SQL执行中的执行顺序,规则如下:
- 如果 id 值相同,则执行顺序为:从上到下
- 如果 id 值不同,则执行顺序为: id 值越大的越先执行
- 如果 id 值相同,则可以认为他们是同一分组,同一分组中执行顺序为:从上到下
- 在所有组中, id 值越大的越先执行
- 如果 id 值为 null ,则表示这是一个临时表,临时表不在SQL总出现,因此它的id是NULL
MySQL将 select 查询分为简单查询和复杂查询。复杂查询分为三类:简单子查询、派生表(from语句中的子查询)、union 查询。
- 简单子查询
mysql> explain select (select id from student limit 1) from student;
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | student | index | NULL | idx_name | 99 | NULL | 4 | Using index |
| 2 | SUBQUERY | student | index | NULL | idx_name | 99 | NULL | 4 | Using index |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
2 rows in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- from 语句中的子查询
mysql> explain select * from (select id from student limit 1) tem
;
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | system | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | NULL |
| 2 | DERIVED | student | index | NULL | idx_name | 99 | NULL | 4 | Using index |
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
2 rows in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- union查询
mysql> explain select id from student union all select id from course;
+------+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-----------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+------+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-----------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | student | index | NULL | idx_name | 99 | NULL | 4 | Using index |
| 2 | UNION | course | index | NULL | idx_name | 99 | NULL | 4 | Using index |
| NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary |
+------+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-----------------+
3 rows in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
2. select_type列
这一列表示的是对应行对应的查询类型,到底是简单查询还是复杂查询,如果是复杂的查询,又是简单子查询、from语句中的子查询、union 查询复杂查询中的哪一种。
- simple :简单的select查询,查询中不包含子查询或者 union
mysql> explain select id from student where id =1;
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | student | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | Using index |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
1 row in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- primary :复杂查询最外层的查询类型
- subquery :在 select 或 where 列表中包含了子查询
- derived:包含在 from 子句中的子查询。MySQL会将结果存放在一个临时表中,也称为派生表
举例说明这三种类型:
mysql> explain select (select id from student limit 1) from (select id from student where id>1)temp;
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived3> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | NULL |
| 3 | DERIVED | student | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3 | Using where; Using index |
| 2 | SUBQUERY | student | index | NULL | idx_name | 99 | NULL | 4 | Using index |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
3 rows in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- union:union查询语句出现在union之后的第二个和以后的查询会被标为union类型
- union result :从 union 构建的临时表检索结果的查询类型
举例说明 union 和union result 类型:
mysql> explain select id from student union all select id from course;
+------+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-----------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+------+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-----------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | student | index | NULL | idx_name | 99 | NULL | 4 | Using index |
| 2 | UNION | course | index | NULL | idx_name | 99 | NULL | 4 | Using index |
| NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary |
+------+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-----------------+
3 rows in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
3. table列
这一列看名称就知道是指的具体查询的table名称。
当 from 子句中有子查询时,table列是 格式,表示当前查询依赖 id=N 的查询,于是先执行 id=N 的查询。当有 union 时,UNION RESULT 的 table 列的值为 <union1,2>,1和2表示参与 union 的 select 行id。
4. type列
这一列表示关联类型或访问类型,即MySQL决定如何查找表中的行
最优到最差分别为:system > const > eq_ref > ref > fulltext > ref_or_null > index_merge > unique_subquery > index_subquery > range > index > ALL
- const, system:Mysql查询对其进行优化并转化为一个常量,只查询一次就搜索出结果,用于 primary key 或 unique key 的所有列与常数比较时,所以表最多有一个匹配行,读取1次,速度比较快。
mysql> explain select id from (select id from student where id =1) as temp
;
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | system | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | NULL |
| 2 | DERIVED | student | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | Using index |
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
2 rows in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- eq_ref:唯一性索引扫描,对于每个索引键,表中只有一条记录与之匹配。常见于主键或唯一索引扫描
mysql> explain select stu.id from student stu inner join course c on stu.id = c.id;
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | stu | index | PRIMARY | idx_name | 99 | NULL | 4 | Using index |
| 1 | SIMPLE | c | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | demo.stu.id | 1 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+
2 rows in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- ref:相比 eq_ref,不使用唯一索引,而是使用普通索引或者联合索引的部分前缀,索引要和某个值相比较,可能会找到多个符合条件的行.
mysql> explain select * from student where name='stu_1';
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | student | ref | idx_name | idx_name | 99 | const | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set
#使用联合索引的左前部分查询 依然是ref类型
mysql> explain select * from student a inner join student_course b on a.id=b.student_id;
+----+-------------+-------+------+--------------------+--------------------+---------+-----------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+--------------------+--------------------+---------+-----------+------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | a | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 4 | NULL |
| 1 | SIMPLE | b | ref | idx_student_course | idx_student_course | 5 | demo.a.id | 2 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------+--------------------+--------------------+---------+-----------+------+--------------------------+
2 rows in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- 16
- 17
- ref_or_null:与ref类型差不多,但是这种类型可以搜索为Null的行
mysql> explain select id
from student where name is null or name='stu_1';
+----+-------------+---------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | student | ref_or_null | idx_name | idx_name | 99 | const | 2 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+---------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
1 row in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- index_merge:使用了索引合并的优化方法
#郁闷 测试建的表不行 换了一张表就可以了搞不懂!!!
mysql> explain select * from project where projectId=100 or contractId='222';
+----+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+------+------+---------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+------+------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | project | index_merge | PRIMARY,idx_contract_id | PRIMARY,idx_contract_id | 8,303 | NULL | 2 | Using union(PRIMARY,idx_contract_id); Using where |
+----+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+------+------+---------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
6.range: 范围扫描通常出现在 in(), between ,> ,<, >= 等操作中。使用一个索引来检索给定范围的行
mysql> explain select *
from student where id <>3;
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | student | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- index:Full Index Scan,Index与All区别为index类型只遍历索引树。这通常比ALL快,因为索引文件通常比数据文件小
mysql> explain select id from student
;
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | student | index | NULL | idx_name | 99 | NULL | 4 | Using index |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- All:扫描全表,与index其实都是扫描全表进行检索数据,区别在于,index类型是扫描索引树进行数据扫描,而All类型则是直接扫磁盘,所以相对index类型比较慢
mysql> explain select * from student
;
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | student | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 4 | NULL |
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+
1 row in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
5. possible_keys列
显示此次查询可能会用到的索引,一个或者是多个,查询涉及到的字段上若存在索引,则该索引将被列出,但不一定会应用。
explain 时可能出现 possible_keys 有列,而 key 显示 NULL 的情况,这种情况是因为表中数据不多,mysql认为索引对此查询帮助不大,选择了全表查询。
如果该列是NULL,则没有相关的索引。在这种情况下,可以通过检查 where 子句看是否可以创造一个适当的索引来提高查询性能,然后用 explain 查看效果。但是有一种情况也可能会走索引,如果出现 覆盖索引 的情况即使该列为null 依然有可能会走索引查询
mysql> explain select student_id,course_id from student_course;
+----+-------------+----------------+-------+---------------+--------------------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------------+-------+---------------+--------------------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | student_course | index | NULL | idx_student_course | 10 | NULL | 16 | Using index |
+----+-------------+----------------+-------+---------------+--------------------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
6. key列
mysql实际采用哪个索引来优化对该表的访问,如果想强制指定索引或者忽视索引,可在查询中使用 force index、ignore index。
7. key_len列
表示索引中使用的字节数,可通过该列计算查询中使用的索引的长度,在不损失精确性的情况下,长度越短越好,key_len表示的是索引的最大长度,而不是实际使用长度。
mysql> explain select *
from student_course where student_id=1;
+----+-------------+----------------+------+--------------------+--------------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------------+------+--------------------+--------------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | student_course | ref | idx_student_course | idx_student_course | 5 | const | 4 | Using index |
+----+-------------+----------------+------+--------------------+--------------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
1 row in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
key_len计算规则如下:
- 字符型
- char(n):n字节长度
- varchar(n):2字节存储字符串长度,如果是utf-8,则长度 3n + 2
- 数值型
- tinyint:1字节
- smallint:2字节
- int:4字节
- bigint:8字节
- 时间类型
- date:3字节
- timestamp:4字节
- datetime:8字节
- 如果字段允许为 NULL,需要额外增加1字节记录是否为 NULL
8. ref列
这一列显示了在key列记录的索引中,表查找值所用到的列或常量,常见的有:const(常量),func,NULL,字段名
9. rows列
这一列表示这条SQL可能要检索的数据行数,并不是返回结果集的行数。
10.Extra列
这一列展示的是一些额外的信息,但是也是十分重要的,对于我们提升SQL 的检索性能是很有帮助的。
常见的类型如下:
- distinct: 一旦mysql找到了与行相联合匹配的行,就不再搜索了
mysql> explain select distinct
name from student a inner join student_course b on a.id=b.student_id;
+----+-------------+-------+-------+--------------------+--------------------+---------+-----------+------+------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+--------------------+--------------------+---------+-----------+------+------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | a | index | PRIMARY,idx_name | idx_name | 99 | NULL | 4 | Using index; Using temporary |
| 1 | SIMPLE | b | ref | idx_student_course | idx_student_course | 5 | demo.a.id | 2 | Using where; Using index; Distinct |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+--------------------+--------------------+---------+-----------+------+------------------------------------+
2 rows in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- Using index:表示相应的select操作中使用了覆盖索引(Covering Index),避免访问了表的数据行,效率还是非常可观的。
覆盖索引:简单的理解就是这次select的字段只从索引中就可以获取的到,没有必要再去浪费一次IO读取行数据,换句话说就是查询的列被索引列所覆盖
- Using where:就是使用了where条件查询。mysql服务器将在存储引擎检索行后再进行过滤。就是先读取整行数据,再按 where 条件进行检查,符合就留下,不符合就丢弃。
- Using temporary:mysql需要创建一张临时表来处理查询结果。出现这种情况一般是要进行优化的,首先是想到用索引来优化。这种类型常见于order by 和group by的查询中
mysql> explain select distinct name from student
order by create_time;
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+---------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+---------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | student | index | idx_name | idx_name | 99 | NULL | 4 | Using temporary; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+---------------------------------+
1 row in set
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- Using filesort:对查询结果进行外部索引排序而不是按索引次序从表里读取行,这种情况可以考虑建立索引来进行优化。
测试表及数据
#创建测试表
CREATE TABLE `student` (
`id` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(32) DEFAULT NULL,
`create_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `idx_name` (`name`) USING BTREE
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
CREATE TABLE `course` (
`id` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(32) DEFAULT NULL,
`create_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
CREATE TABLE `student_course` (
`id` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`student_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`course_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `idx_student_course` (`student_id`,`course_id`) USING BTREE
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
#插入测试数据
insert into student(name,create_time) VALUES('stu_1',now()),('stu_2',now()),('stu_3',now()),('stu_4',now());
insert into course(name,create_time) VALUES('cors_1',now()),('cors_2',now()),('cors_3',now()),('cors_4',now());
insert into student_course(student_id,course_id) VALUES(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4);
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- 16
- 17
- 18
- 19
- 20
- 21
- 22
- 23
- 24
- 25
- 26
- 27
- 28
参考文档
转载于:https://blog.csdn.net/liruichuan/article/details/103575911